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Unit 1

Price Ceiling- legal maximum price meant to help BUYERS (excess demand)
  • Lower prices for some consumers (ex: rent control)
  • Shortages
  • Long line for buyers
  • Illegal sells above equilibrium price
Price Floor- legal minimum price meant to help SELLERS (excess supply)


  • Higher product prices
  • Surplus
  • Higher taxes
  • Waste

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Unit 2

Real GDP: Price x Quantity ; value of output produced in constant based year prices that is adjusted for inflation. Can increase from year to year only if output increases. Nominal GDP: Price x Quantity ; value of output produced in current year prices. Can increase from year to year if either prices or output increases In the base year, current prices is equal to base year (constant) prices In years after the base year, nominal GDP exceeds real GDP In years before the base year, real GDP exceeds nominal GDP GDP Inflator: a price index used to adjust from nominal to real GDP In the base year, the GDP deflator = 100 For years after the base year, GDP Deflator > 100 For years before the base year, GDP Deflator < 100 Deflator Formula: new-old/old GDP Deflator = (nominal GDP/real GDP x 100) Inflation: a general rise in the price level (new[price index]-old[price index] /old x 100) will result in percentage Consumer Price Index: measures cost of ...

Unit 4: Monetary Creation Process

Money Creation Process: (assume 10% required reserves) $1000 cash deposited in checking account => no immediate change in MS => Assets // reserves $1000 $1000 FED purchase of bonds from public (deposited into checking account) => immediate increase in MS of $1000 => Liabilities // demand deposits $1000 RR = $100 (.10 x 1000 deposit) Single Bank: of Money in single bank can create (loan out) = ER Actual Reserves-Required Reserves=Excess Reserves; $1000-$100=$900 in ER Banking System: create money by multiple of initial ER; monetary multitude=1/RR=1/.1=10 System New Money=deposit multiplier x initial excess reserves; 10 x $900 = $9000 Total change in MS as result of deposit; initial deposit of right now + Banking system = total change; $1000+$900=> $10000

Unit 7: Balance of Payments

Balance of Payments: Measure of Money inflows and outflows between US and rest if world; inflows referred as “credits” and outflows referred as “debits” Balance of Payment divided into 3 accounts: Current Account: Balance of Trade aka Net Exports, Net Foreign Income aka Net Investment: income earned by US owned by foreign assets, Net Transfers: foreign aid Capital/Financial Account: Includes purchase above real and financial access (ex: direct investment- in US, debit is credit to capital account; brand factory in area); direct investment by US firms/individuals in a foreign country are debits to capital account; purchase of foreign financial asset reps a debit to capital account (ex: rich buys stock in petral China); purchase of domestic product reps purchase of credit in financial account (ex: Venezuela buys steak from Venezuela); current and capital account should zero each other out; Real asset: real estate, G & Financial asset: stocks or bonds Official R...